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Wednesday, April 29, 2009

Global Outbreak of Swine flu


December 2005 to January 2009
CDC receives reports of 12 cases of swine flu infection.
March
March 28
Believed to be the date of the earliest onset of the swine flu cases in the U.S., according to Dr. Nancy Cox of the CDC.
Late March
4-year-old boy contracts swine flu in Mexico.
April
April 6
Local health officials declare a health alert due to a respiratory disease outbreak in the Mexican town of La Gloria in Veracruz state.
April 13
Woman dies of swine flu in Oaxaca state, Mexico.
April 17
10-year-old boy from San Diego County and 9-year-old girl in Imperial County of California diagnosed. Both children first became sick in late March, but recovered.
April 21
Health officials alert U.S. doctors to the new strain of swine flu — a combination of swine, avian and human influenza that had not been seen before.
April 22
CDC confirms three more cases of swine flu in California and two in Texas.

The Oaxaca Health Department in Mexico indicates 16 employees at the Hospital Civil Aurelia Valdivieso have contracted respiratory disease.
April 24
In Mexico, at least 20 have died — though WHO counts 57 — and more than 900 sickened. Seven of 14 samples from Mexico test positive for the new strain. Government closes schools, museums, libraries and theaters to try to contain outbreak.

Eight people in the U.S. are confirmed to have swine flu.

Makers of Relenza and Tamiflu confirm that swine flu is susceptible to their antiviral drugs.
April 25
New York City officials report that more than 100 high-school students at St. Francis Preparatory School in Queens are ill with flu-like symptoms.

Confirmed U.S. cases rises to 11.

WHO calls emergency meeting of experts to consider declaring an international public health emergency. It is the first time such a panel has been called since the procedure was created two years ago.
April 26
Confirmed U.S. cases rise to 20, and a public health emergency is declared. Eight of the confirmed cases are from a New York City private school.

New Zealand, France, Israel, Brazil and Spain report suspected cases. Six cases are confirmed in Canada.

Up to 86 deaths in Mexico are suspected to be linked to swine flu. Possible cases reported in 19 of country's 32 states.
April 27
WHO raises the pandemic alert one level to phase 4, which is two steps short of declaring a full-blown pandemic.

The U.S. government confirms there are now 42 cases, with the 20 new ones from the New York City preparatory school.

In Europe, Spain confirms its first swine flu case, Scotland’s health secretary confirms two cases and 17 other cases are suspected across the continent.

The new virus is suspected in up to 149 deaths in Mexico.
April 28
Confirmed cases in the U.S. rise to 68. Seven have been hospitalized.

President Obama asks for $1.5 billion in emergency funds to fight the disease.

First cases confirmed in Middle East and Asia-Pacific region.

Number of deaths blamed on virus surpasses 150 in Mexico, though only 26 have been confirmed. Restaurants are ordered to limit service to takeout, and pool halls and gyms are closed.

Cuba becomes the first country to impose a travel ban, suspending flights to and from Mexico. Argentina follows with its own five-day ban.

April 29
The number of confirmed cases in the U.S. rises to 93. A child in Texas who was visiting from Mexico dies from swine flu.

Mexico announces it will suspend nonessential services at government offices and private businesses from May 1-5.

Pentagon confirms one Marine based in Southern California tested positive. He was placed under quarantine along with about 30 other Marines.

WHO raises pandemic level to 5.

Egypt begins slaughtering about 300,000 pigs as a precaution.

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Swine Flu

Swine influenza is a respiratory disease of pigs first isolated in swine in 1930, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The illness is caused by four different type A influenza strains that can cause outbreaks in pigs, though subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 seem to be more common. The death rate among pigs is low, with most infections occurring in the late fall and winter. Symptoms of infected pigs include fever, depression, coughing (barking), sneezing, difficulty breathing, red or inflamed eyes, lack of appetite and discharge from the nose or eyes.

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Sunday, April 26, 2009

T.U. Curriculum for Microbiology Ist Year

  1. Chronological development of microbiology and discovery: Introductin, Microorganism as a cell, General history of microbiology and microorganisms, Microbial diversity, Discovery of microorganisms, Spontaneous generation, Germ theory of disease
  2. Correlate Microbiology with different areas: Discipline of Microbiology, Mental and public health microbiology, Agricultural microbiology, Food microbiology, Microbial biotechnology, Industrial and environmental microbiology.
  3. Nomenclature of Microorganisms: Classification and nomenclature
  4. Physiology of Bacteria: Introduction, Morphological characteristics and the fine structure of bacteria, Nutrition, Reproduction and Cultivation.
  5. Fungus: Fungi, Classification, Structure, Growth and Reproduction, Fungi of medical importance.
  6. Introductory Parasitology: Protozoan, Structure and reproduction, Nematodes, structure and its role in agriculture.
  7. Microbial Techniques:
  8. Handling Microorganisms
  9. Methods of Sterilization
  10. Physiological Characteristics of Microorganisms
  11. Biochemical Properties of Microorganisms
  12. Microbial Genetics
  13. Ecological Factors in the Microbial World

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Why is Microbiology important?


Microorganisms occur nearly everywhere in nature. Since the conditions that favour the survival and growth of many microorganisms are those under which people normally live, it is inevitable that we live among a multitude of microbes. Microorganisms affect the well being of people in a great ways. They bring many changes; some desirable and some undesirable. To know about the beneficial and non beneficial microbes and their roles in our life, microbiology must be a great deal of study. They can be summarizes as follow:

  1. Disease. Since discovery of infectious microbes, most infectious diseases controlled by sanitation, preventive medicine, and chemotherapy.
  2. Agriculture. microbes vital in processing materials in soil, e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, etc.
  3. Food and drink. Microbial fermentations responsible for all alcoholic beverages, breads, pickles, cheeses, etc. Control of food and drink spoilage is major concern of food industry.
  4. Chemical products. Microbes have incredible variety of metabolic tricks; can be used to produce acetone and other commercial solvents, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, preservatives, etc.
  5. Basic research. Microbes grow fast, produce enormous # of offspring. Easy to find events that occur only 1 in a billion times if have 100 billion bacteria in test tube. Crucial to modern biology.
  6. Biotechnology. E.g. genetic engineering, ability to move genes freely from one organism to another, select genes of interest and amplify their expression. Bacteria are natural hosts for such activities.

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What is microbiology?


Microbiology is the study of living organisms of microscopic size, which include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and the infectious agents at the borderline of life that are called viruses. It is concerned with their form, structure, reproduction, physiology, metabolism, and classification. It includes the study of their distribution in nature, their relationship to each other and to other living organisms, their effects on human beings and on other animals and plants, their abilities to make physical and chemical changes in our environment, and their reactions to physical and chemical agents. Microbiology is an specialized field of a biology which deals with the study of microorganism and their effects on human and environment regarding public healtha and hygiene, quality control food and beverages, biotechnology related different industrial processes, etc.

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